Wittgenstein's examination of Private Language Argument and Solipsism in the Philosophical Investigations implies no critics to his earlier theory maintained in the Tractatus. On the contrary, both are inspired by the same idea, namely, the impossibility of finding a thinking subject merely on the ground of thought itself.

Objetivo: Analizar la importancia de la comunicación en la relación médico-paciente y recopilar información sobre la percepción durante su práctica. Método: Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica y una encuesta (participaron 105 médicos en Argentina). Resultados: Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los profesionales refiere dificultades en la comunicación y que estas dificultan la atención. Los médicos manifestaron dificultades para comunicar malas noticias, mayormente en las áreas clínicas, y que la habilidad de ponerse en el lugar del paciente es fundamental (...) para la comunicación de dichas noticias. Los jóvenes consideran de manera significativa que la comunicación de malas noticias depende de la práctica. Conclusiones: Las habilidades comunicativas son indispensables. Existe evidencia para sugerir que es necesario profundizar en la adquisición de competencias comunicativas y valores éticos. (shrink)

Durante el año 2008, el Seminario de Sociedad y Cultura Contemporáneas de nuestra universidad quiso celebrar un ciclo de conferencias sobre la actualidad de lo trágico. Nuestra convicción era que la cultura contemporánea volvía a necesitar la voz y la energía del pensamiento de la tragedia, después de que estas hubieran sido interesadamente neutralizadas en los últimos tiempos. Para este proyecto, se contó con la presencia de toda una autoridad mundial en esta área, Sergio Givone, así como con reputados profesores (...) españoles como Luis Enrique de Santiago Guervós, Pilar López de Santamaría, Marco Parmeggiani o Celso Sánchez Capdequí; acompañados a su vez de jóvenes promesas del panorama nacional. El resultado de ese ciclo es este volumen, donde se recorre a ese respecto un trayecto tanto cronológico (que pasa por Schopenhauer, Dostoievski, Nietzsche, Unamuno, los futuristas) como temático (con asuntos tales que la libertad, el amor fati, el arte contemporáneo, la novedad y la educación). (shrink)

This paper presents the design and validation process of a set of instruments to evaluate the impact of an informal learning initiative to promote Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics vocations in students, their families, and teachers. The proposed set of instruments, beyond assessing the satisfaction of the public involved, allow collecting data to evaluate the impact in terms of changes in the consideration of the role of women in STEM areas and STEM vocations. The procedure followed to develop the set (...) of instruments consisted of two phases. In the first phase, a preliminary version of the questionnaires was designed based on the objectives of the Girls4STEM initiative, an inclusive project promoting STEM vocations between 6 and 18 years old boys and girls. Five specific questionnaires were designed, one for the families, two for the students and two for the teachers. A refined version of each questionnaire was obtained with evidence of content validity after undergoing an expert judgment process. The second phase was the refinement of the instruments, to ascertain the evidence of reliability and validity so that a final version was derived. In the paper, a high-quality set of good practices focused on promoting diversity and gender equality in the STEM sector are presented from a Higher Education Institution perspective, the University of Valencia. The main contribution of this work is the achievement of a set of instruments, rigorously designed for the evaluation of the implementation and effectiveness of a STEM promoting program, with sufficient validity evidence. Moreover, the proposed instruments can be a reference for the evaluation of other projects aimed at diversifying the STEM sector. (shrink)

Los avatares de Antoniana Margarita y el Endecálogo de Francisco de Sosa.

Lower extremity non-contact soft tissue injuries are prevalent in elite futsal. The purpose of this study was to develop robust screening models based on pre-season measures obtained from questionnaires and field-based tests to prospectively predict LE-ST injuries after having applied a range of supervised Machine Learning techniques. One hundred and thirty-nine elite futsal players underwent a pre-season screening evaluation that included individual characteristics; measures related to sleep quality, athlete burnout, psychological characteristics related to sport performance and self-reported perception of chronic (...) ankle instability. A number of neuromuscular performance measures obtained through three field-based tests [isometric hip strength, dynamic postural control and lower extremity joints range of motion ] were also recorded. Injury incidence was monitored over one competitive season. There were 25 LE-ST injuries. Only those groups of measures from two of the field-based tests, as independent data sets, were able to build robust models [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve score ≥0.7] to identify elite futsal players at risk of sustaining a LE-ST injury. Unlike the measures obtained from the five questionnaires selected, the neuromuscular performance measures did build robust prediction models. The inclusion in the same data set of the measures recorded from all the questionnaires and field-based tests did not result in models with significantly higher performance scores. The model generated by the UnderBagging technique with a cost-sensitive SMO as the base classifier and using only four ROM measures reported the best prediction performance scores. The models developed might help coaches, physical trainers and medical practitioners in the decision-making process for injury prevention in futsal. (shrink)

Las palabras del título de este pequeño escrito, como homenaje a Julián Marías, corresponden a dos de las obras que Harold Raley escribió sobre él. El concepto de ¿visión responsable¿ se debe al mismo Marías, que en el prólogo de su obra Nuevos ensayos de filosofía dice: ¿... la filosofía podría definirse con tres palabras: la visión responsable¿, es decir, la que define la realidad sea cualquiera que sea y tal como se presente. El subtítulo, ¿una filosofía desde dentro¿, responde (...) al esfuerzo que debe hacer el individuo de no renunciar a la filosofía si quiere conocer la realidad; de lo contrario se verá expuesto a la sofistería, a la indiferencia y, sobre todo, al desprecio de la misma realidad con la que habita. (shrink)

El 20 de mayo del 2005 falleció Paul Ricoeur en su residencia de Châtenay-Malabry (Paris) a los 92 años. P. Ricoeur fue el filósofo de la acción, comprometido, opuesto a los totalitarismos y reduccionismos, abierto al diálogo con las tendencias contemporáneas más dispares y profundamente cristiano. Fue un "espíritu libre y un pensador exigente con la modernidad".

Quality of Life Reach in Medical Care Alcance da qualidade de vida no atendimento médico The term quality of life has increasingly widespread use in biomedical practice, especially in end-of-life situations. Experience shows that the expression is often used with very different —and sometimes conflicting— scopes. The present article presents the results of a literature review that show diverse positions, while delimitating the subject. The analysis compares the terms “quality of life,” “human dignity,” and “value of human life.” Para citar (...) este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Páez G, López-Gabeiras MP, Moreno-D’Anna M. Alcance de la “calidad de vida” en atención médica. Pers Bioet. 2020;24:14-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2020.24.1.2 Recibido: 06/11/2019 Aceptado: 04/03/2020 Publicado: 07/05/2020. (shrink)

Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA para caracterizar la producción científica de la didáctica de la higiene alimentaria en Educación Primaria. Se analizan indicadores bibliométricos y metodologías de investigación utilizadas. La búsqueda se realizó en la base de datos Web of Science. Solo 12 artículos cumplían con todos los criterios de inclusión. Hay escasas publicaciones sobre higiene alimentaria en la etapa, tratándose de estudios cualitativos, autoría conjunta y en su mayoría pertenecen al sector sanitario. Es necesario (...) aumentar las investigaciones especialmente en el ámbito educativo e introducir la higiene alimentaria en la formación del profesorado. (shrink)

En este capítulo, defiendo que el proceso de identificación presente en relaciones de amor romántico tiene una estructura narrativa en tres niveles: social, intersubjetivo y personal.

Background:The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic caused a shortage of qualified nurses in Spain. As a result, the government authorized the hiring of senior students.Objectives:To explore the ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts experienced by final-year nursing students who worked during the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.Research design:A qualitative exploratory study was conducted using purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were carried out using a question guide. Interviews took place via a private video chat room platform. A thematic, inductive (...) analysis was performed of the information gathered.Participants and research context:Eighteen nursing students were recruited from two universities of Madrid, aged between 18 and 65 years old, enrolled in the fourth year of nursing studies and who were hired under a relief contract for health professionals during the pandemic.Ethical considerations:The present study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of Universidad Rey Juan Carlos.Results:Three specific themes emerged: (a) coping with patient triage, (b) difficulties in providing end-of-life care, and (c) coping with patient death. Nursing students participated in the process of patient selection for resource allocation and ICU bed occupancy. They were shown how to care for patients who were not admitted to the ICU, in their last moments and were faced with the difficulties of applying end-of-life care. Finally, the nursing students were confronted with the death of their patients, in overwhelming numbers and under adverse conditions.Conclusions:These findings can help shed light on the ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts faced by novice nursing students, incorporated into the workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, it was described that students may normalize the death due to the exhaustion and overwhelmed routine. (shrink)

Dado el vasto abanico de posibilidades (y teniendo en cuenta que esto es solo una muestra de la heterogeneidad del debate dentro de la filosofía analítica reciente), en esta entrada nos centraremos en un solo aspecto sobre el amor. Tradicionalmente, el amor se ha considerado un tema ético (por ejemplo, Aristóteles dedica los libros VIII y IX de Ética a Nicómaco a la amistad como ruta hacia la virtud). Desde la perspectiva de la ética, y enmarcándonos dentro del amor personal, (...) se pueden distinguir tres debates principales: el amor como evaluación, el amor en la moralidad y el amor en la ética aplicada. (shrink)

El auge de los populismos de extrema derecha en el último tiempo amerita una indagación acerca de las características de la ideología reaccionaria. Una forma de aproximarse a esta es a través del pensamiento de sus principales autores. Nicolás Gómez Dávila es el mejor representante del pensamiento reaccionario en la filosofía latinoamericana, de modo que, a partir del análisis de algunos de sus escritos y siguiendo la propuesta de Richard Shorten para identificar lo reaccionario con base en tres pilares retóricos: (...) decadencia (_logos_), conspiración (_ethos_) e indignación (_pathos_), este artículo enfatiza algunas características propias de la ideología reaccionaria que la distinguen del conservadurismo, ilustrando esas diferencias con la retórica de algunos líderes reaccionarios que antecedieron a Nicolás Gómez Dávila en la Colombia del siglo XX. (shrink)

Se analiza en este trabajo, seleccionado de la II Olimpiada de Filosofía en Málaga organizada por FICUM en secundaria, la "tarea vital" a partir de tres pilares básicos: amar, dejar huella y descubrirse a uno mismo.

La transgresión que supone la asociación de la violencia con las mujeres se revela en el tratamiento político y mediático que han recibido las mujeres de ETA, frecuentemente asociadas con una feminidad pervertida. Este artículo analiza la identificación del cuerpo de la mujer de ETA con la sexualidad desviada de los modelos normativos nacionalistas, explora las conflictivas relaciones de las mujeres con la violencia y se detiene en las figuras políticas y el liderazgo de Yoyes y de Idoia López (...) Riaño. En el primer caso se analiza la transgresión representada por la presencia inasimilable de una líder de ETA tras su abandono de la actividad terrorista y tras su maternidad. En el segundo se explora su representación y la negociación política y mediática de su identidad. Si Yoyes ocupa un espacio simbólico en el imaginario político vasco, López Riaño constituye un testimonio vivo en el proceso de esta militancia femenina en ETA. (shrink)

Este trabajo estudia los aportes y limitaciones del concepto de «régimen farmacopornográfico» propuesto por Paul B. Preciado junto con los pilares que lo constituyen: el farmacopoder y el pornopoder. El análisis será complementado con las aportaciones de otros autores, destacando las de Judith Butler, filósofe de referencia para el autor, cuyas teorías sobre el género y el cuerpo han influido de forma indiscutible en las posteriores investigaciones sobre la identidad. A través del estudio del pensamiento de ambos será posible llegar (...) a una mejor comprensión de lo que Paul B. Preciado denomina «farmacopornocapitalismo» y también dirimir las aportaciones y límites de la teoría del autor. Su trabajo ha sido indiscutiblemente revolucionario en materia de género e identidad, poniendo en tela de juicio categorías naturalizadas y exhibiendo las dinámicas biopolíticas de opresión y discriminación que encarnan nuestra existencia. Reconociendo esto, también debemos poner sobre la mesa los límites en su planteamiento, donde algunas veces la provocación le lleva a afirmaciones que difieren del objetivo final de su teoría: mostrar cómo actúa el control en los cuerpos y encontrar una salida a este. (shrink)

Espino and Santamaria experimentally demonstrate that, if the syllogisms in the first figure are not presented as is the usual practice, that is, separating their two premises into two different lines, but linking the two premises into one line by means of a full stop, individuals tend to draw from such premises conclusions in which the subject and the predicate are not in the customary order, but rotated. In their view, this finding is consistent with the assumptions of the mental (...) models theory. Nevertheless, in this paper, I will show that what this fact really depends on the approach that is adopted, since a framework based on formal logic also has resources to explain it, and hence can lead us to assume theses different from those proposed by Espino and Santamaria. Espino y Santamaría demuestran experimentalmente que, si los silogismos de la primera figura no son planteados como se hace tradicionalmente, esto es, separando sus dos premisas en dos líneas diferentes, sino en una sola línea uniendo las dos premisas mediante un punto seguido, los individuos tienden a deducir a partir de tales premisas conclusiones en las que el sujeto y el predicado no se encuentran en el orden habitual, sino invertidos. Desde su punto de vista, este hallazgo es consistente con los supuestos de la teoría de los modelos mentales. No obstante, en este trabajo, vamos a mostrar que lo que tal hecho significa verdaderamente depende del enfoque que se adopte, ya que un marco basado en la lógica formal también cuenta con los recursos para explicarlo y, por tanto, puede conducirnos a asumir tesis diferentes a las propuestas por Espino y Santamaría. (shrink)

La finalidad de este artículo es triple. Primero, las secciones 1 y 2 expondrán la estructura del argumento de Jürgen Habermas respecto a las tecnologías de mejora humana. Para ello, éste será descompuesto en tres partes, que son sus pilares básicos: a) los sujetos diseñados no pueden auto-concebirse a sí mismos como autores únicos de sus vidas; b) la distinción kantiana entre objetos y personas se desvanece como consecuencia del modo en que los sujetos modificados experiencian su cuerpo; c) la (...) relación entre los padres y su descendencia se vuelve asimétrica, de modo que es contraria a las normas de la acción comunicativa. Segundo, en la sección 3, que es concebida como un diálogo entre Habermas y sus críticos, se presentarán algunas objeciones teóricas a su argumento. Tercero, la sección 4 analizará la validez de los argumentos habermasianos y afirmará firmemente que la posición de Habermas arroja luz sobre el modo correcto de analizar las tecnologías de mejora humana desde un punto de vista moral. A saber, en función de la influencia que tienen sobre el modo en que los sujetos se auto-conciben como seres autónomos y responsables.The aim of this paper is threefold. First, the structure of Jürgen Habermas’ argument on human enhancement technologies shall be exposed in sections 1 and 2. In order to do so, this paper shall discompose Habermas’ argument in the following three parts, which will be taken to be its central pillars: a) designed people cannot self-conceive themselves as the sole authors of their lives; b) the Kantian distinction between objects and persons falls apart due to the way in which modified people experience their bodies; c) the relationship between parents and their modified offspring turns into an asymmetric one, so it is contrary to the rules of communicative action. Secondly, several objections to Habermas’ claims shall be exposed in section 3, which is mainly conceived as a dialogue between Habermas and his critics. Thirdly, section 4 shall analyse the validity ofHabermas’ claims. It shall firmly argue that his position sheds light on the right way to analyse human enhancement technologies from a moral point of view. (shrink)

En este trabajo se presenta una explicación para el problema de las versiones abstractas de la tarea de selección de las cuatro tarjetas de Peter Wason: los discretos resultados de los participantes cuando se enfrentan a ellas. Nuestra explicación apunta a que los sujetos no comprenden la regla de la tarea como un condicional, sino como un bicondicional, provocando tal circunstancia que no elijan las tarjetas correctas. Santamaría planteó una objeción para todo enfoque que defienda que en la tarea (...) de selección se produce una interpretación bicondicional de la regla, pero nosotros también respondemos aquí a dicha objeción atendiendo a la primacía que en el razonamiento humano puede tener la regla lógica del modus ponens. Igualmente, exponemos un estudio, basado en diálogos de seminario tutoriales al modo socrático, realizado por nosotros con el propósito de comprobar si nuestra explicación puede ser viable y comentamos los resultados obtenidos. In this paper, we present an explanation for the problem of the abstract versions of Peter Wason’s four-card selection task: modest subjects’ results when they are confronted with these tasks. Our explanation poses that individuals do not comprehend the task rule as a conditional sentence, but as a biconditional one, causing that subjects do not choose the correct cards. Santamaría presented an objection for any approach that suggests a biconditional interpretation in the task selection. In this work, we discuss this objection based on the apparent primacy of a logical rule in human reasoning: modus ponens. Additionally, we present a study based on Socratic dialogue seminars with a tutorial style, developed by us, to check whether our explanation is viable or not, and discuss the results achieved. (shrink)

Critical aspects in the field of education are currently related to low levels of socioemotional competences and high rates of school dropouts. However, there are no standard practices or guidelines for helping countries to assess and train social and emotional competences. To overcome this limitation, the project Learning to be (L2B) aims to propose a comprehensive model of the assessment and development of social and emotional competences that bring together policymakers, researchers, teachers, school authorities and learners from different participating countries: (...) Finland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain. The project attempts to create an international framework for regulating activities and supporting teachers working on the social and emotional competences of the students and to provide tools which can be used across countries. The aim of the paper is to describe how L2B has been developed in Spain by analyzing the contributions of the international framework and extracting the specific needs in the Spanish context. Specifically, we describe two products of the project: a) the process for creating a toolkit, a tool focused on creating activities and materials for helping teachers develop social and emotional competences of students and b) the results of an exploratory study in Spain in which social and emotional competences are assessed and compared to the international framework. First, we explain the definition of social and emotional competences used for creating the toolkit. Second, we analyze responses of Spanish students to questionnaires administered before applying the toolkit in the schools. The paper describes social and emotional competences in Spain and evaluates the overlap between relevant variables in Spain and those used for developing the toolkit, the international tool. Specific needs in Spain are discussed, as well as the contribution of the project for promoting the improved development of students’ social and emotional competences, improving learning outcomes and stronger social cohesion in schools and local communities, as well as the utility of the results for creating new educational policies. (shrink)

Tesis doctoral presentada en el departament de Lògica Història i Filosofia de la Ciencia de la Universitat de Barcelona per optar al títol de Doctor en Filosofia.

A presente proposta tem como seu principal objetivo mostrar como a emergência de hábitos autocontrolados de emoções podem ser explicados segundo a gramática especulativa de Peirce. Como resultado, espero mostrar, uma possível aplicação da gramática especulativa, sobre o qual muito é especulado, mas pouco é aplicado; segundo, sugerir uma possível teoria da linguagem entendida como uma forma controlada de nossos sentimentos de tal modo a permitir que sejam compartilhadas e comunicadas. Além disso, e ainda mais importante, isto mostraria que a (...) divisão tradicional entre a faculdade da razão e a faculdade emocional não é tal, antes deve ser dito que a razão, ou melhor a razoabilidade, surge e afunda suas raízes nessa faculdade e cresce dela em um continuum. Assim, qualquer educação que vise o autocontrole deve começar com uma educação estética ou, se preferir, com uma educação sentimental. (shrink)

In the recent literature on contextualism and relativism, one often finds disputes as to which kind of consideration would be relevant for positing a feature of a context as a parameter in the ‘‘circumstance of evaluation’: via the presence of an operator in the language which shifts that feature (Stanley) or by being a feature of a context with respect to which the truth of ‘‘propositions’’ expressed in the context is relative (McFarlane). This kind of dispute arises from two different (...) independent roles that elements in ‘‘circumstances of evaluation’’ are sometimes assumed to have. I distinguish indices from points of evaluation, and motivate its significance in the debate. (shrink)

Image has been considered an influential factor in tourists’ perceptions and evaluations of a destination. This paper analyzes the formation of the tourist destination image of Segóbriga Archaeological Park, a cultural destination of great heritage value, located in the province of Cuenca (Spain). The image is analyzed using a multidimensional approach, considering not only its cognitive and affective components, but also the unique-image component. The latter has received less attention in the literature and is a novelty in the context of (...) this type of cultural destination. The results show that this component is essential to the overall image of an archaeological destination and that it is not influenced by information sources. PLS-SEM was used. (shrink)

What different relativist claims about a given domain are to be distinguished? Which of them is best placed to account for intuitive facts about disagreement in that domain? In a recent paper in this journal, ‘Indexical Relativism versus Genuine Relativism’ (2004), Max Kölbel distinguishes two forms of relativism, andargues that one of them, indexical relativism, faces problems in accounting for disagreement. In the first part of this discussion I present my own taxonomy of relativist positions in a given domain, which (...) is based on David Lewis’s 1980 essay, and I compare it with Kölbel’s and other recent suggestions. In the second part, I argue that the presuppositional defence of indexical relativism against related objections that I have elaborated elsewhere is also effective against Kölbel’s recent charges. (shrink)

Consider a cat on a mat. On the one hand, there seems to be just one cat, but on the other there seem to be many things with as good a claim as anything in the vicinity to being a cat. Hence, the problem of the many. In his ‘Many, but Almost One,’ David Lewis offered two solutions. According to the first, only one of the many is indeed a cat, although it is indeterminate exactly which one. According to the (...) second, the many are all cats, but they are almost identical to each other, and hence they are almost one. For Lewis, the two solutions do not compete with each other but are mutually complementary, as each one can assist the other. This paper has two aims: to give some reasons against the first of these two solutions, but then to defend the second as a self-standing solution from Lewis’s considerations to the contrary. (shrink)

Se busca argumentar la concepción y el sentido de la ética en Peirce, teniendo en cuenta que es más una propuesta de su alcance que una presentación de lo que el filósofo norteamericano expuso. Peirce escribió pocas líneas sobre la función normativa de la ciencia de la ética y de su papel en la filosofía en general, de ahí la necesidad de reconstruir y complementar el vínculo de este saber teorético con la reacción entre fenómenos según unos fines de acción (...) determinados. Para esta labor se realiza una discusión con escritos actuales de especialista que han intentado abordar y explicar la temática. (shrink)

This chapter defends a version of the indexical contextualist form of moderate relativism: the attempt to endorse appearances of faultless disagreement within the framework in which a sentence at a context at the index of the context determines its appropriate truth-value. Many object that any such an indexical proposal would fail to account for intuitions of (genuine) disagreement as revealed in ordinary disputes in the domain. The defence from this objection exploits presuppositions of commonality to the effect that the addressee (...) is relevantly like the speaker of the context. (shrink)

There are certain metaphysically interesting arguments ‘from vagueness’, for unrestricted mereological composition and for four-dimensionalism, which involve a claim to the effect that idioms for unrestricted quantification are precise. An elaboration of Lewis’ argument for this claim, which assumes the view of vagueness as semantic indecision, is presented. It is argued that the argument also works according to other views on the nature of vagueness, which also require for an expression to be vague that there are different admissible alternatives of (...) the relevant sort, such as epistemicism, as defended by Williamson. Recent attempts to resist the argument are discussed and rejected. (shrink)

In recent years, some people have held that a radical relativist position is defensible in some philosophically interesting cases, including future contingents, predicates of personal taste, evaluative predicates in general, epistemic modals, and knowledge attributions. The position is frequently characterized as denying that utterance-truth is absolute. I argue that this characterization is inappropriate, as it requires a metaphysical substantive contention with which moderate views as such need not be committed. Before this, I also offer a more basic, admittedly less exciting (...) alternative characterization of the position, in terms of departing from the Kaplan–Lewis–Stalnaker two-dimensional framework. (shrink)